Job Fair Paper

Angela French Job Fair 04/14/2010 Miryan Nogueira BUS/210 The three principle focal points of the activity reasonable leaflet that I am focusing on for our organization are: The structure of the organization, the plan of action and the way of life. I have separated it into three central matters. Initial, a short history of what our identity is and when we started and the development that we have encountered as organization. At the point when a worker can see the historical backdrop of the organization and the achievement that has been practiced the dread factor lessens. I think it is essential to show the forthcoming representative that we care about them and their needs as an individual. We perceive that we as a whole have certain necessities that should be met. Second, and perhaps the most significant, what the advantages to the staff are. In Maslows needs pecking order hypothesis he discusses what genuinely persuades somebody in their activity. At the base of the pyramid is the physiological need. The essential requirement for things, for example, food and water. When these requirements are met you can begin pondering different needs. Next comes the security need. That is the place the advantages become an integral factor. I think in today’s work showcase, benefits assume a gigantic job. You need to show your representatives the amount you care for them and their families. In the event that you can fulfill the two base needs of Maslows needs pecking order hypothesis the other three needs that he discusses will be simpler met. When a representative begins to fulfill those necessities like the following one of regard needs the last need of self realization is effortlessly gotten and you have a superb worker. Third, organization culture. In having different workers offer expressions in the pamphlet makes a difference. In Maslow pyramid, the third need is the belongingness need. By got notification from different workers the planned representative can get a vibe of the way of life and family like air of our organization. I think the sentiment of having a place with an option that could be greater than you is a major inspiration. In the event that you cause a worker to feel like they are a piece of the explanation behind your prosperity you will show signs of improvement reaction and a superior hard working attitude from them. Hearing this direct from current representatives assist them with imagining working for your organization. Along these lines, a great job reasonable pamphlet will feature all the significant pieces of your organization. The most significant parts of the business. The first being the structure of the organization. Second, the plan of action and third, the way of life of the organization. On the off chance that these viewpoints are featured in the pamphlet you will have the option to lure numerous candidates for your business.

Serial Killer free essay sample

What makes a sequential executioner? A few people feel that they are hereditarily pre-arranged to such conduct. Others contend that they are results of their regularly broken situations. Neither one of the theories has been demonstrated at this point be that as it may, social science specialists have seen a few similitudes in the characteristics and childhoods of sequential executioners. In September of 1984, a gathering of the International Association of Forensic Sciences was held. Educators Ralph DAgostino and Ann W. Burgess, alongside FBI conduct authorities Robert Ressler and John Douglas, made an article on sequential executioners. The exposition depended on an investigation of thirty-six detained killers. The specialists observed the likenesses between them. Through this investigation, they reasoned that a dominant part of sequential executioners are profoundly shrewd white guys. Despite the fact that they are extremely shrewd, a considerable lot of them don't exceed expectations in school. A significant number of them can't hold a stable employment. As a general rule, sequential executioners originate from upset or broken homes. We will compose a custom exposition test on Sequential Killer or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page They are typically deserted by their dads and experience childhood in a female-commanded family unit. Ordinarily there is a family ancestry of dysfunctional behavior, liquor abuse and criminal conduct. They are frequently the survivors of mental, sexual or physical maltreatment (or any blend of the three). This maltreatment can bring about enduring sentiments of terrorizing, shame and weakness. They grow up disliking their missing/oppressive dads and will in general exchange these emotions to other/all men. A significant number of them harbor sentiments of ill will towards females in light of mastery by their moms. They will in general become skeptical and reserved. Numerous sequential executioners show indications of mental issues as kids and have self-destructive inclinations as young people. They frequently structure degenerate sexual propensities and inclinations. Some structure interests that are viewed as socially unwanted. Some are captivated by sex entertainment. Others have voyeuristic sexual practices. It isn't to state that all individuals who show these attributes are (potential) sequential executioners. They are only normal elements and characteristics saw among a gathering of sentenced killers. The specialists additionally noticed some youth practices in these executioners that can be viewed as potential notice indications of upset conduct. These three attributes have been nicknamed the Psychopathological Triad. The first of these practices is enuresis, all the more usually known as bed-wetting. This conduct is totally typical and normal in little youngsters. On the off chance that the conduct proceeds into the pubescent years notwithstanding, it might be an indication of a genuinely upset person. Studies have indicated that 60% of sequential executioners have encountered such conduct. Arsonist tendencies is the second of these practices. Numerous sequential executioners turned out to be explicitly stirred by the demonstration of burning down things. They determine a specific feeling of intensity from causing devastation and are regularly pleased to watch things consume. The last and most upsetting is creature torment. Youngsters or teenagers who enjoy harming other living things might be needing mental assistance. For some it is a passing stage that is thought back upon with disgrace and lament. For other people, who keep on getting a charge out of such conduct and show no regret for it, it tends to be a significant issue. The violence and brutality increment after some time and are in the end aimed at individuals. Creatures are just practice for such individuals. I will do a progression of follow-up articles where I talk about explicit kinds of sequential executioners and their unmistakable qualities and marks.

How to Spot Fraud Using Forensic Accounting

How to Spot Fraud Using Forensic Accounting Fraud is a serious problem companies need to prepare for.It can have a devastating effect on a business and damage the company’s reputation and workers’ morale aside from the obvious financial damage.So, what can companies do to detect fraud?In this guide, I’ll be outlining one popular way to spotting fraud: use of forensic accounting.What is forensic accounting and what is fraud all about?I’ll provide an overview of the concepts along with the techniques and processes used by forensic accounting to identify whether fraud has occurred.WHAT IS FORENSIC ACCOUNTING?Let’s break down the term forensic accounting first.According to Merriam-Webster, ‘forensic’ means, “relating to or dealing with the application of scientific knowledge to legal problems”.Therefore, when we combine it with the word ‘accounting’, we have a scientific study of accounting and any possible legal breaches within it.Essentially, the objective of forensic accounting is to analyze accounting pro cedures and findings and examine whether they are valid in the eyes of the law.You can, perhaps, understand the field better when you consider when forensic accounting takes place. Not all accounting is forensic â€" forensic accountants are called upon when there is a litigation happening or when litigation is expected to take place.Forensic accounting is most used to solve disputes and find answers â€" if things don’t add up in the accounting, for example.It is used, therefore, to investigate and analyze the financial activities of an entity and determine if there has been malpractice, either intentional or not.Forensic accounting is used to determine:How â€" The way in which the divergence has taken place.Where â€" At what point of the procedural chain has the divergence occurred.What â€" Is the divergence an intentional or not.Why â€" The motive or reason for the divergence, especially in terms of intentional divergence.Who â€" The person or other entity that is at fault.Now, f orensic accounting is useful for finding out whether fraud has taken place in the business.However, forensic accounting doesn’t just deal with fraud, but it can also be used in other non-fraud situations to determine the full picture of the financial matters.Whether forensic accounting finds fraud or is even supposed to look into possible fraud, the objective is to find and present evidence that could stand in front of the law.The process is aimed at finding evidence that can be presented in court in order to debate and dispute a resolution â€" for example, convict a company or a person for fraud.You can get more insight into forensic accounting by watching this short clip about a typical workday in the life of a forensic accountant: WHERE CAN FRAUD OCCUR?Fraud seems such a big word to use.To most of us, the word is something distant and the event of fraud is something that happens to others and not us.Since it seems such a drastic thing â€" fraud even sounds dramatic â€" it’s e asy to think it wouldn’t happen in your business.People in charge of small- or medium-sized businesses are especially shortsighted sometimes in terms of fraud.The truth is, fraud can happen anywhere. Small, big, new, old, international, local, brick-and-mortar, or online-only; your company could be faced with fraud and you should be aware of it, rather than hide from it.The nature of the fraud will depend on what your business does, as well as the kind of opportunities that are available to exploit.However, there are a few common areas of fraud.Fraud commonly takes place in situations of:Employees abusing their position. It could be a matter of hiding or changing information in order to benefit from the situation. For example, an employee might claim they’ve conducted work on things they haven’t actually worked on.Third-party suppliers or other business partners taking advantage of their position. The fraud can also be external â€" a supplier might lie about the number of prod ucts they are supplying, for example.Theft of confidential information that occurs either internally (someone in the organization stealing) or externally (an outsider steals information; an example could be hacking). Sensitive information can be stolen by an employee or an outsider and then used to damage the business.The above examples highlight the areas in which fraud often occurs.Since the avenues for the possibility of fraud are rather varied, it’s important that companies take it seriously.Creating business relationships that are built on trust is essential, but every company also needs proper checks and balances to limit the risk of fraud.Simply thinking it would never happen for your business is not solid protection against fraud.WHAT CONSTITUTES AS FRAUD?While fraud can happen in any kind of business, it’s important to also understand what actually constitutes as a fraud. Merriam-Webster defines fraud as:“intentional perversion of truth in order to induce another to p art with something of value or to surrender a legal right”“an act of deceiving or misrepresenting”From the above, two things point out in terms of what is fraud.First, the act must be conscious and intentional â€" unwittingly writing an extra zero in the income bracket is not fraud; if you do it intentionally, it is.The second point is about the act leading to a gain, which could be financial but it doesn’t have to be so.The act must provide some kind of benefit to the person or entity doing it or infringe on the legal rights of someone else.Now, the specific definition of fraud in the eyes of the law can vary from country to country. Nonetheless, those two points generally always appear in the legal definition in one form or another.With all of that in mind, three core elements can help you understand whether something is fraudulent or not. These are:The law of the land will determine whether the act constitutes as fraud. This is always determined on a case-by-case basis an d the available definitions and test cases will be set out by the regional or national court under which the business operations would fall into. Forensic accounting would always use this legal definition of fraud as the basis for determining whether there has been fraud or not.The auditor cannot determine what constitutes as fraud. The forensic accounting team is not to make judgments or determine if fraud has taken place â€" it’s role is only to investigate and present evidence to the court of law, which makes the ultimate decision.Fraud always requires intention. In all events, fraud cannot take place without intention and part of the forensic accounting team’s job is to find if there is enough evidence to show there has been an intentional effort to change, tweak or other how mishandle the information.WHEN CAN FORENSIC ACCOUNTING BE USED?With all that in mind, when can forensic accounting be used to spot a fraud?There are essentially two clear cases in which forensic account ing is the perfect tool for detecting fraud and presenting evidence that it might have happened.Forensic accounting can be used in situations where there is a possibility of fraudulent accounting and reporting. This would occur if a company suspects that an employee or a third-party supplier has been doing something illegal.The problem could be spotted by the accounting team within the company and reported to management.The possibility of fraud can also be something spotted by an outside â€" for example, during a random audit or when annual taxes are being checked by the authorities.Once a possibility of fraud has been established, the forensic accounting team is called in to investigate the situation.As noted above, the forensic accountant won’t make a judgment on whether the fraud took place, so at this point, legal teams are involved in determining what happens with the evidence presented by the forensic accountant.The other case for seeking help with a forensic account is when there has been a clear misappropriation of assets.Again, this can be something directly spotted by the internal teams â€" accounting or likewise â€" or it can be noted by external entities. These are situations where the assets have been taken but the forensic accountant’s job is to find evidence to suggest or support the event has been fraudulent.For example, the company might notice it is missing part of its income and the forensic accounting team will begin investigating whether there has been fraud or just another unintentional error in reporting.THE PROCESS OF USING FORENSIC ACCOUNTING TO SPOT FRAUDSo, forensic accounting can be used when there’s a suspicion or strong possibility of fraud.But what about the process?How does forensic accounting go about finding evidence to support either argument?Essentially, forensic accounting uses processes similar to a normal audit â€" it follows four specific steps in order to draw its conclusions.Planning the investigationFirst, the i nvestigation must be planned.Forensic accounting requires the use of forensic accountants, which have to be hired from outside of the firm to ensure partiality in the investigation.Once the investigators have been found and hired, the forensic accounting team can start preparing for the investigation.The team generally starts by laying out the objectives it wants to achieve. These are the how, what, where, when and why of the investigation, which I’ve already outlined above.Forensic accounting will look at each objective and identify the different ways these can be achieved and how evidence can best be identified and gathered.At this point, the team will create a schedule of operating and determine who is in charge of which part of the investigation (in case a bigger team is needed).Gathering evidenceThe second part of the investigation process is the most demanding and long-lasting.It is about gathering the evidence to disprove or prove the action of fraud.The focus at this point is on ensuring there is enough evidence for the courts to make a decision â€" the how, what, where, when and why are at the heart of this process, with each method and technique used to find information on these points.There are a number of techniques forensic accounting can use to gather evidence.The three most common techniques in terms of identifying fraud will be outlined in the next section.But to give you an idea on what happens during the process, here are a few evidence gathering things forensic accountants might use:Using testing controls to identify weaknesses in the system and noticing how and why the fraud could have taken place.Utilizing analytical procedures to compare trends in the data and making comparisons between different areas of the business to spot deviations.Interviewing employees and other key members that could have information regarding the fraud.Taking advantage of computer assisted auditing software to identify issues of timing and other relevant data i ssues.Opting for substantive techniques, which include things such as cash or asset counts.Reporting the findingsOnce the forensic accounting team has been able to gather all the evidence, they will need to report the findings.The report is often used for determining whether legal action shall be brought forward or if there is no evidence to suggest fraud has taken place.The main function of the report is to summarize the evidence and to provide a conclusion whether the deviation or loss of assets was due to fraud or not. You will also be able to read an answer to the core questions â€" how the fraud took place and when it is suspected to have happened, for example.The report is often also used for identifying possible recommendations for strengthening the accounting in the business and preventing future frauds.Dealing with possible court proceedingsThe fourth step in the process can technically be obsolete if the report doesn’t find any evidence to back up a claim of fraud.Howeve r, if fraud is still suspected, the forensic accounting has to be prepared to deal with the possible court proceedings.Team members will in most cases need to be part of those proceedings and they are often called to testify and explain the evidence to the jury and judge.The forensic accounting team has to be able to provide and present the evidence in a way that is accessible to the wider audience â€" the judge and the jury might not have specialist knowledge of accounting and thus the evidence must be laid out in layman’s terms.THREE FORENSIC ACCOUNTING TECHNIQUES TO DETECT FRAUDWhen it comes to detecting fraud, there are three forensic accounting techniques used. These are data mining with computers, review of other documents using various methods and conducting interviews.Data mining with computersData mining is about looking for anomalies, trends and patterns in the data relating to the business and its finances.These could include the digital accounting files available or fi les and datasets relating to products, suppliers and so on.As the world is increasingly moving from traditional paper filing to digital filing, data mining is becoming a more important tool for forensic accountants.The data mining is often done with automated software that has been designed to notice anomalies or patterns. Occasionally, a person reviews the data and the forensic accounting team studies any noticeable differences further.A big part of the data mining involves around the concept of Metadata. This is the information related to the organizations computer programs and the specific files used. Metadata is used to identify things like:The date when the file was created and whether it had been modified.The location of the file and whether it has changed.The identity of the person who has modified and changed information or the location.Finding and understanding the trail of the digital files is important because it can reveal fraud.For example, if the financial figures are wrong, data mining can identify whether they have been wrong since the start (i.e. possibly as a result of a typing mistake) or if they have been tampered with later (i.e. changed to create stronger income figures and thus pointing to a fraudulent and intentional action).Aside from the metadata, forensic accounting also uses data mining to review the information in the file and the patterns revealed by data.Forensic accountants can spot fraud by data mining with actions like:Evaluating the frequency of payments and consistency of financial figures.Finding gaps in ledgers or missing data files or information.Examining the vendor and supplier information, including addresses.Data mining also utilizes different mathematical formulas for spotting fraud. Among the most popular is the Benford’s Law. The technique is explained further in the video below: Data mining is performed on any computer or another device that is used by the organization and which could include information that mi ght help the forensic accounting team.These include things like personal computers, network servers, answering machines, digital cameras, fax machines, printers, GPS systems and so on.Reviewing other documentsOf course, information isn’t always in digital format and forensic accounting has to use document reviewing strategies to spot fraud. Reviewing physical documents can be tricky for the forensic team because they need to ensure they follow the right legal procedures in accessing, storing and managing these files.For example, they can’t illegally obtain business documents and then use them to accuse the business of fraud â€" everything has to follow the correct and legal route.Generally, when the forensic team receives an invitation to perform the investigation, a legal contract is formed that issues the forensic accounting team with the rights and responsibilities regarding the documents.In certain instances, the contract also has to deal with the proceedings for digital doc uments and any documents that might be accessed on employee premises.Interestingly, a big part of the document review is identifying the carbon copy of these documents. This means checking whether the documents have been modified after the date they are meant to have formed or simply added in later.Let’s say an employee would try to tamper with sales numbers, he or she might re-print the invoices with different figures.The review of other documents uses similar techniques to above in finding trends and patterns.Reviewing will be more laborious if it has to be done manually but forensic accounting teams often scan and create digital data files of the documents to allow data mining.Conducting interviewsBut forensic accounting doesn’t just have to rely on data. Talking to employees and other key parties is another crucial technique to help identify data.For example, by interviewing the organization and the supplier, different stories of the invoicing procedure might come up and poi nt to the system being fraudulent. Indeed, sometimes the fear of the investigation can make people talk and admit fraud â€" helping the forensic team to find the answers to the questions they might have.Again, it’s crucial to ensure the interviews are conducted professionally and within the legal boundaries of the country.The process must be coordinated with the legal teams and generally, there has to be some kind of record of the interview (this can be used in the court as evidence, rather than have a situation of ‘he said, she said’). The purpose of the interview is to identify the following things, which could point out a possibility of fraud:Knowledge of the information being examined.Opportunities to change, swap or manipulate data.Understanding of the procedures being used in the organization.The forensic accounting team has to be good at communicating with people and use a logical approach to getting to the bottom of things.It’s important to realize that you might not receive a pure admission of guilt â€" the person’s unusual behavior might be a sign there is something suspicious going on that needs to be investigated.CONCLUDING REMARKSFraud is not just something that occurs in big, popular companies. It can happen to small or big businesses in all industries.Detecting it can be difficult but forensic accounting provides quite a good number of solutions to identifying whether a fraudulent activity has taken place.It uses modern technology in the form of data mining to notice anomalies and patterns in data.But it also helps spot fraud by focusing on the people involved in the situation â€" using documents and interviews to see whether things are out of the ordinary.It is essentially picking the pieces apart and seeing whether putting them back together leads to the same results or if things are out of the ordinary.

Essay on The Ontological Argument - 1589 Words

The Ontological Argument The Ontological argument is a group of different philosophers arguments for the existence of God. Ontological literally means talking about being and so in this case, that being is the existence or being of God. The main component of the Ontological argument can be found in the Anselm’s Proslogion which is a short work that tries to demonstrate both the existence and the nature of God. His main aim in writing the Proslogion is not to directly prove the existence of God but to moreover, to show the relationship between faith and reason. Anselm wanted to understand the object of the belief. He is also not trying to defend his belief against the atheist and neither is he trying to convince the atheist that God†¦show more content†¦(b) Examine the responses of various scholars to this argument Various philosophers did question Anselm’s argument in favour of the existence of God. One of these philosophers was Gaunilon, Anselm’s contemporary who argued against Anselm’s first form of his argument. Gaunilon said that Anselm’s sense and reasoning would bring about a ridiculous conclusion if it was applied to any other field other than the existence of God. He attempts to set up an argument which is parallel to Anselm’s ontological argument by using the example of a perfect island. Gaunilon using the idea of this perfect island came to the conclusion that for it to be a ‘perfect island, it must exist both in mind and reality. This conclusion is ridiculous. Therefore, Anselm argued back at Guanilon by saying that that the most perfect island is part of the contingent world so cannot endure the same reasoning as is used for the most perfect conceivable being. This indicates that Anselm is justifying why his principle does not apply to the perfect island example and he seems to be highlighting the importance of the idea of his second form of the argument which is that of necessary existence He is stressing the point that God is unique and that the reasoning of the ontological argument applies only to the most conceivable perfect being which has necessary existence. Descartes moderated the ontological argument and said that a supremely perfect beingShow MoreRelatedThe Ontological Argument By Anselm1524 Words   |  7 Pages I will begin my paper by discussing the two major versions of the ontological argument by Anselm presented in the proslogion. The first being â€Å"Possible and actual existence†, and the second being â€Å"Contingent or Necessary†. One should start off with the first summarized in the standard form as follows: #1 It is a conceptual truth that God is a being than which none greater can be imagined. #2 God exists as an idea in the mind. #3 A being that exists as an idea in the mind and in reality is, otherRead MoreExploring the Ontological Argument1746 Words   |  7 PagesExploring the Ontological Argument For nearly a thousand years, the ontological argument has captured the attention of philosophers. The ontological argument was revolutionary in its sequence from thought to reality. It was an argument that did not require any corresponding experiment in reality; it functioned without the necessity of empirical data. Despite flaws and problems found in some ontological arguments and the objections raised to those arguments, ontological arguments still provide aRead MoreOntological Argument Is Not Reliant On An Posteriori933 Words   |  4 Pages Ontological Argument Saint Anselm created the â€Å"Ontological Argument†. Saint Anselm was the archbishop of Canterbury. The premise of Saint Anselm’s Ontological Argument is that, no greater being can be conceived than God. The Ontological Argument is an a priori or deductive argument. An a priori argument does not have to be supported by real or factual evidence just by reason without observation. Thus, the Ontological Argument is not reliant on an a posteriori premise. An a posteriori argumentRead MoreEssay on The Ontological Argument for the Existence of God1545 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ontological Argument for the Existence of God The ontological argument is an a priori argument. The arguments attempt to prove Gods existence from the meaning of the word God. The ontological argument was introduced by Anselm of Canterbury in his book Proslogion. Anselms classical argument was based on two principals and the two most involved in this is St Anselm of Canterbury as previously mentioned and Rene Descartes. The ontological argument argues thatRead MoreEssay about Ontological Argument Critique 857 Words   |  4 Pagesis a much debated philosophical argument that has mystified philosophers since the age of the ‘Enlightenment.’ Many of the different arguments put forth and analysed though, have not adequately proven God’s existence. Although in order to move forward, failed arguments must be studied to ensure that mistakes are not repeated. One such argument is the Ontological Argument. This argument was first recorded by St. Anslem (1033-1109). Descartes adapts this argument in the fifth meditation in ‘MeditationsRead MoreThe Ontological Argument For The Existence Of God1509 Words   |  7 Pages Descartes’ ontological argument is an echo of the original ontological argument for the existence of God as proposed by St. Anselm in the 11th century. To illustrate the background of the ontological argument, Anselm’s argument works within a distinct framework of ontology that posits the existence of God as necessity by virtue of its definition. In other words, for the mind to conceive of an infinite, perfect God, ultimately implies that there must indeed be a perfect God that embodies existenceRead MoreDescartes Ontological Argument Essay1019 Words   |  5 Pagesreligion, one of Descartes’s most famous arguments is his Ontological proof for the existence of God. It is a proof that one can know God a priori, with no experience whatsoever. Cou ntering Descartes, a philosopher named Caterus raised key objections to his proof, which Descartes later responded to in an intriguing way. Descartes’s reply to Caterus’s critique of the Ontological argument does not properly refute the objections made. Descartes’s Ontological argument begins with the idea of that which isRead MoreEssay on Anselm’s Ontological Argument1217 Words   |  5 PagesThe ontological argument for God’s existence is a work of art resulting from philosophical argumentation. An ontological argument for the existence of God is one that attempts the method of a priori proof, which utilizes intuition and reason alone. The term a priori refers to deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is the type of reasoning that proceeds from general principles or premises to derive particular information. The argument works by examining the concept of God, and arguing that it impliesRead MoreDescartes Ontological Argument For The Existence Of God1302 Words   |  6 PagesWord Count: 10/30/2014 Descartes’ Ontological Argument for the Existence of God The Ontological Argument for the existence of God is an a priori argument that aims to demonstrate that God’s real-world existence follows necessarily from the concept of God. In Meditation V of Discourse on Methods and Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes presents his version of the Ontological Argument for the existence of God. In this essay, I will argue that this argument fails because necessary existence forRead MoreAnalysis of Anselms Ontological Argument and the Argument from Evil1448 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis to Anselm’s Ontological Argument and the Argument from Evil The debate of the existence of God had been active since before the first philosopher has pondered the question. Anselm’s Ontological Argument was introduced during the 11th century and had stood deductively valid until the 18th century. Then there are the arguments to aim disprove God, such as the Argument from Evil. The Ontological argument is an a priori deductive argument. That is, an argument relating to being,

Censorship Of Television And Television - 1288 Words

Restrictions were also placed against foreign news outlets following the election. Reporters from the Italian public television broadcaster Radiotelevisione Italiana claimed that one of its interpreters was beaten with clubs by riot police and the officers confiscated the cameraman’s tapes. The Al Arabiya’s offices in Tehran were closed for a week by Iranian authorities on June 14 and no explanation was given for the decision. Additionally, the director of British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) World Service, the world s largest international broadcaster of news, speech and discussions, made claims that the Iranian Government jammed its broadcasts to the country. Peter Horrocks, director of BBC World Service, stated that audiences in†¦show more content†¦During interrogations, he was tortured and questioned about his associations with other journalists during his incarceration. In July, a televised confession was aired by Press TV in which Bahari told the inter viewer that Western journalists worked as spies and he had covered illegal demonstratinos and gather that helped promote a color revolution. He was released on bail set at $300,000 on October 17 after Secretary of State Hillary Clinton pushed the Iranian government for his release. The Iranian government released him on the condition that he would report to the Iranian Revolutionary Guard weekly on any anti-revolutionary movements he saw in Britain, where he lived. Judiciary Action Before discussing the actions taken by judiciary officials in Iran, the history of the system must be understood. The Iranian revolution of 1979 essentially erased six decades of modernization of Iran’s judicial system. The revolution overthrew the Pahlavi Dynasty, which had ruled Iran from 1926 to 1979, under Muhammad Reza Shah. Similar to his father who had ruled before him, Muhammad Reza Shah eliminated dissent through repression; banning the independent political parties and repressing minority groups. By the 1960s, these policies began to spark resistance in the form of armed groups fighting with guerilla warfare, similar to the methods used Algeria and Palestine resistanceShow MoreRelated Censorship on Television Essay1204 Words   |  5 PagesThe government is correct in trying to censor what is seen on television. Censorship does not violate the first amendment and it prevents the harmful effects of graphic television. Many people are in favor of censorship and it may be accomplished without violating the rights of broadcasters or any other individuals. Censorship refers to suppression of information, ideas, or artistic expression by anyone, whether government officials, church authorities, private pressure groups, or speakers, writersRead More Television Censorship Essay522 Words   |  3 PagesTelevision Censorship Censorship in television is a very debatable topic in today’s media and social realms. Nowadays what is considered appropriate by many may actually be considered explicit or unsuitable by the people in charge. Some may wonder ‘who is deemed so highly that they can decide what is and is not appropriate to watch. The FCC (Federal Communications Commission) is ‘responsible for administratively enforcing the law that governs what is and is not appropriate. Within this articleRead MoreEssay about Television Censorship1601 Words   |  7 Pages Television Censorship WHAT IS CENSORSHIP? quot;Censorship is the supervision and control of the information and ideas that are circulated among the people within a society. In modern times, censorship refers to the examination of books, periodicals, plays, films, television and radio programs, news reports, and other communication media for the purpose of altering or suppressing parts thought to be objectionable or offensive. The objectionable material may be considered immoral or obscene, hereticalRead MoreEssay on Censorship of Film and Television646 Words   |  3 PagesCensorship of Film and Television What is Censorship? It is the practice of officially examining books, movies, film, etc., and suppressing unacceptable parts. Censorship usually takes place based on religious, moral, or personal reasons. In Film, censorship has taken many turns and it is continuing to encounter many conflicts. Broadcasting organizations along with the FCC (Federal Communications Center) and the AFA (American Family Association) are supposedly doing everything in their power toRead MoreEssay on Censorship in Television and Radio3028 Words   |  13 PagesCensorship in Television and Radio For our group project we, group 6, decided to focus our attention on censorship in television and on the radio. We showed most of the attention to the Janet Jackson incident in Super Bowl 38 when looking at television, and for radio, focused on the FCC and disc jockeys like Howard Stern. Here are the television articles as done by three of our group members. If there is a single most important event that happened in television that caused major ramificationsRead MoreTelevision and Modern Technology Censorship2008 Words   |  9 PagesFCC has always been televisions number one source for protection when in regards to filtering which content gets to the viewer. Television will always change, but for the better I think not. Through the years, the FCC with censorship has been on an epic downfall that even dates back to how women were portrayed and even to the images that aired on national public television. Censorship covers a wide range of outlets whether it is music, television, or the internet. Television worldwide may be oneRead MoreTelevision Censorship Should not be Implied Essay536 Words   |  3 PagesTelevision Censorship Should not be Implied Television censorship should not be implied. In the Bill of Rights the first amendment states that we have the â€Å"Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bill of Rights, 1971). If this country worked so hard in order to gain these rights and preserve them, why would it want to abolish them? The constitution and the United States of America gave people these rights and freedoms so a person should be able to use them as they pleaseRead More Television and Media - Censorship of TV Violence Not Necessary877 Words   |  4 PagesCensorship of TV Violence Not Necessary    Censorship of televised media often begins as a result of the concern many adults show over what their children watch. Children begin watching television at an early age, and they are usually lifetime viewers by the time they are two to three years old. There is usually a steady increase in the amount of television watched during a persons childhood. This is followed by a decline during adolescence. What is more of a concern to the American peopleRead More Television Censorship in the Past and Present Essay example2001 Words   |  9 PagesTelevision Censorship in the Past and Present Typing in the web address http://www.censorship.com, I begin my search for information regarding the controversial subject. After a few seconds of waiting for the site to load, a black background comes up, with black font displaying the message: This site is not accessible because it is categorized as: Sex, Violence, Language. I immediately highlight the web address and annoyingly thrash at the delete button on my keyboard and watch it disappearRead MoreCensorship Is Not Limited Repressive Regimes Or Network Television?1522 Words   |  7 PagesCensorship is not limited to repressive regimes or network television. Weather we know it or not censorship is happening all the time throughout the day. We censor ourselves, we listen to censored music and as students we see the internet being heavily censored in school. The Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) was signed into law in 2000; the law requires any public schools or library to filter any inappropriate content from the computers being used by minors. Since the law has been put in

Emission Control Free Essays

string(40) " of gas tank fumes into the atmosphere\." Emission Control Techniques 1. INTRODUCTION The need to control the emissions from automobiles gave rise to the computerization of the automobile. Hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen are created during the combustion process and are emitted into the atmosphere from the tail pipe. We will write a custom essay sample on Emission Control or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are also hydrocarbons emitted as a result of vaporization of gasoline and from the crankcase of the automobile. The clean air act of 1977 set limits as to the amount of each of these pollutants that could be emitted from an automobile. The manufacturers answer was the addition of certain pollution control devices and the creation of a self-adjusting engine. 1981 saw the first of these self-adjusting engines. They were called feedback fuel control systems. An oxygen sensor was installed in the exhaust system and would measure the fuel content of the exhaust stream. It then would send a signal to a microprocessor, which would analyze the reading and operate a fuel mixture or air mixture device to create the proper air/fuel ratio. As computer systems progressed, they were able to adjust ignition spark timing as well as operate the other emission controls that were installed on the vehicle. The computer is also capable of monitoring and diagnosing itself. If a fault is seen, the computer will alert the vehicle operator by illuminating a malfunction indicator lamp. The computer will at the same time record the fault in it’s memory, so that a technician can at a later date retrieve that fault in the form of a code which will help them determine the proper repair. Some of the more popular emission control devices installed on the automobile are: EGR valve, Catalytic Converter, Air Pump, PCV Valve, Charcol Canitiser etc. Like SI engine CI engines are also major source of emission. Several experiments and technologies are developed and a lot of experiments are going on to reduce emission from CI engine. The main constituents causing diesel emission are smoke, soot, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxides etc. Unlike SI engine, emission produced by carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon in CI engine is small. Inorder to give better engine performance the emission must be reduce to a great extend. The emission can be reduced by using smoke suppressant additives, using particulate traps, SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) etc. 2. EMISSION CONTROL IN SI ENGINE 2. 1. Methods to reduce emission in SI engine. 2. 1. 1. Catalytic Converter Automotive emissions are controlled in three ways, one is to promote more complete combustion so that there are less by products. The second is to reintroduce excessive hydrocarbons back into the engine for combustion and the third is to provide an additional area for oxidation or combustion to occur. This additional area is called a catalytic converter. The catalytic converter looks like a muffler. It is located in the exhaust system ahead of the muffler. Inside the converter are pellets or a honeycomb made of platinum or palladium. The platinum or palladiums are used as a catalyst (a catalyst is a substance used to speed up a chemical process). As hydrocarbons or carbon monoxide in the exhaust are passed over the catalyst, it is chemically oxidized or converted to carbon dioxide and water. As the converter works to clean the exhaust, it develops heat. The dirtier the exhaust, the harder the converter works and the more heat that is developed. In some cases the converter can be seen to glow from excessive heat. If the converter works this hard to clean a dirty exhaust it will destroy itself. Also leaded fuel will put a coating on the platinum or palladium and render the converter ineffective. 2. 1. 2. PCV Valve The purpose of the positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) system, is to take the vapors produced in the crankcase during the normal combustion process, and redirecting them into the air/fuel intake system to be burned during combustion. These vapors dilute the air/fuel mixture, they have to be carefully controlled and metered so as not to affect the performance of the engine. This is the job of the positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valve. At idle, when the air/fuel mixture is very critical, just a little of the vapors are allowed in to the intake system. At high speed when the mixture is less critical and the pressures in the engine are greater, more of the vapors are allowed in to the intake system. When the valve or the system is clogged, vapors will back up into the air filter housing or at worst, the excess pressure will push past seals and create engine oil leaks. If the wrong valve is used or the system has air leaks, the engine will idle rough, or at worst engine oil will be sucked out of the engine. 2. 1. 3. EGR Valve The purpose of the exhaust gas recirculation valve (EGR) valve is to meter a small amount of exhaust gas into the intake system; this dilutes the air/fuel mixture so as to lower the combustion chamber temperature. Excessive combustion chamber temperature creates oxides of nitrogen, which is a major pollutant. While the EGR valve is the most effective method of controlling oxides of nitrogen, in it’s very design it adversely affects engine performance. The engine was not designed to run on exhaust gas. For this reason the amount of exhaust entering the intake system has to be carefully monitored and controlled. This is accomplished through a series of electrical and vacuum switches and the vehicle computer. Since EGR action reduces performance by diluting the air /fuel mixture, the system does not allow EGR action when the engine is cold or when the engine needs full power. [pic] Fig. 2. 4. EGR Valve 2. 1. 4. Evaporative Controls Gasoline evaporates quite easily. In the past these evaporative emissions were vented into the atmosphere. 0% of all HC emissions from the automobile are from the gas tank. In 1970 legislation was passed, prohibiting venting of gas tank fumes into the atmosphere. You read "Emission Control" in category "Essay examples" An evaporative control system was developed to eliminate this source of pollution. The function of the fuel evaporative control system is to trap and store evaporative emissions from the gas tank and carburetor. A charcoal canister is used to trap the fuel vapors. The fuel vapors adhere to the charcoal, until the engine is started, and engine vacuum can be used to draw the vapors into the engine, so that they can be burned along with the fuel/air mixture. This system requires the use of a sealed gas tank filler cap. This cap is so important to the operation of the system, that a test of the cap is now being integrated into many state emission inspection programs. Pre-1970 cars released fuel vapors into the atmosphere through the use of a vented gas cap. Today with the use of sealed caps, redesigned gas tanks are used. The tank has to have the space for the vapors to collect so that they can then be vented to the charcoal canister. A purge valve is used to control the vapor flow into the engine. The purge valve is operated by engine vacuum. One common problem with this system is that the purge valve goes bad and engine vacuum draws fuel directly into the intake system. This enriches the fuel mixture and will foul the spark plugs. Most charcoal canisters have a filter that should be replaced periodically. This system should be checked when fuel mileage drops. 2. 1. 5. Air Injection Since no internal combustion engine is 100% efficient, there will always be some unburned fuel in the exhaust. This increases hydrocarbon emissions. To eliminate this source of emissions an air injection system was created. Combustion requires fuel, oxygen and heat. Without any one of the three combustion cannot occur. Inside the exhaust manifold there is sufficient heat to support combustion, if we introduce some oxygen than any unburned fuel will ignite. This combustion will not produce any power, but it will reduce excessive hydrocarbon emissions. Unlike in the combustion chamber, this combustion is uncontrolled, so if the fuel content of the exhaust is excessive, explosions that sound like popping will occur. There are times when under normal conditions, such as deceleration, when the fuel content is excessive. Under these conditions we would want to shut off the air injection system. This is accomplished through the use of a diverter valve, which instead of shutting the air pump off diverts the air away from the exhaust manifold. Since all of this is done after the combustion process is complete, this is one emission control that has no effect on engine performance. The only maintenance that is required is a careful inspection of the air pump drive belt. 2. 2. Modification in SI engine to reduce emission. †¢ Multi-port fuel injection system to completely replace carburetors. †¢ Electronic engine management to accurately regulate fuel supply to cylinders by sensing various engine parameters. 4-valve system to replace 2-valve system, improved combustion chamber design and improved inlet manifold design for axial stratification of charge. †¢ Turbo-charged (TC) and Turbo-charged After Cooled (TCAC) engines. †¢ Turbo-compounded engines; they are found to be upto 18 per cent better than the conventional engines. †¢ After treatment, catalytic co nverter and exhaust gas recycling. Some future directions for engines are: †¢ Lean burn technology, air-fuel ratio as lean as 22:1 is possible with 4-valves, high swirl and squish generated turbulence. †¢ Use of ceramic components (e. g. low density Silicon Nitride, Si3N4) such as piston pins, valves, blades in turbochargers. †¢ Variable Valve Activation (VVA) providing improved charge control of SI engines, reducing fuel consumption by 5 per cent at low/medium speed and  13  Ã‚   per cent at full engine speed. †¢ 3. EMISSION CONTROL IN CI ENGINE 3. 1. Methods to reduce emission in CI engine 3. 1. 1 Particulate filter. Particulate filters are highly effective in the elimination of particulate matter (PM10) or soot from diesel exhaust. It has a variety of filter coatings and designs, depending of the engine application and duty cycle. . 1. 2. Selective catalytic reduction Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx (generally abbreviated with SCR deNOx) is a very pow erful technology to reduce the NOx emission and fuel consumption of truck and passenger car diesel engines. The European truck manufacturers starting in October 2005, when EURO-4 emissions legislation enters into force, will introduce SCR deNOx on a large scale. With SCR deNOx a 32. 5% aqueous urea solution is injected upstream of the catalyst. Urea which converts to NH3 (ammonia) in the hot exhaust gases reacts with NOx to form harmless N2 and H2O. The urea quantity needs to be precisely dosed as a function of the engine NOx output and the catalyst operating conditions. 3. 1. 3. Smoke Suppressant additives There are a number of additives, which are added in order to reduce the smoke from CI engine. HYDRAX ATH (hydrated alumina), HYDRAMAX (magnesium hydroxides and hydroxy-carbonates), CHARMAX LS (low smoke), CHARMAX LS ZST LS ZHS (zinc stannates zinc hydroxystannates), CHARMAX AOM MO (ammonium octamolybdate molybdic oxide), CHARMAX ZB200 ZB400 (zinc, magnesium, and calcium borates) etc. This reduces the amount of smoke produced by various chemical reactions. The smoke produced can also be controlled by deairating, maintenance, catalytic mufflers, fumigation etc. 3. 1. 4. Control of odour It is very difficult to estimate the odour produced by the diesel engine because the lack of standard tests has not allowed much work to be done in this direction. Catalytic odour control system muffler and or catalyst container are under development and it has been found that certain oxidation catalysts if used under favorable conditions reduce odour intensity. But the tests are still going on. 3. 1. 5. Exhaust Gas and After treatment Modeling While the diesel (compression ignition) engine is more efficient than the conventional spark ignition engine from a thermodynamics standpoint, it has the potential for a large negative environmental impact. The lean combustion of these devices provides the perfect environment for the production of NOx; relatively high temperatures and abundant oxygen. In addition, direct injection of fuel into the combustion chamber creates rich fuel pockets that can cause the formation of particulate matter (soot). Recently these emissions have come under increased scrutiny from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Their radical nature (smog) in the atmosphere and subsequent health hazards has caused the EPA to act to increase the regulation standards for both 2007 and 2010. Unlike the three-way catalysts currently used on spark-ignition based platforms, diesel after treatment systems will not utilize one device for all problematic emissions. Instead, devices are targeted to take care of only one or a few issues at a time. For instance, Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) might take care of the particulate matter while a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) will eliminate the CO and HC and a Lean NOx Trap is used for the NOx emissions. Until now, diesel engine manufacturers have been able to meet the legislation though in-cylinder technology. The proposed EPA legislation has caused the diesel industry to work on finding cost-efficient after treatment technology while still looking in-cylinder for improvements. 3. 2. Modification in CI engine to reduce emission 3. 2. 1. Commercial vehicle emission control Several improvements are needed. These could be achieved through redesigning of engines and application of new technologies:  · Improvement in fuel injection system and use of higher injection pressure. . . Common rail system unit injections instead of multi-cylinder fuel injection pumps.  · Electronically controlled injection system to provide variable injection timing with good dynamic response to engine load, speed, and temperature.  · Improved cylinder head design, inlet port, re-entrant combustion chambers.  · 4-Valve system to improve volumetric efficiency and provide better mixing of fuel and air. Turbo-charged and Turbo-charged aftercooled engines to provide higher specific power, better fuel economy, and less emission pollution.  · After-treatment, particulate traps, and catalytic converters. 3. 2. 2. Passenger Car Diesel Engine In India, Indirect Injection (IDI) diesel engines are commonly used in passenger cars. Due to the pricing policies of fuels, the running c ost of diesel cars is lower than those of petrol cars. Diesel engines are popular for taxis, most of which are retrofitted by diesel engines. Private cars with OE diesel engines are also in demand. Major directions for engine development to control different pollutants are as follows:  · HC emission control requires, – low sac volume nozzles; – Complete combustion of injected fuel; – minimum lube consumption.  · NOx emission control is helped by, – cooling of intake air before entering the engine; – Retarded combustion; and – Moderate air motion.  · Particulate emission control is helped by, – high injection pressure; – fine fuel atomization; – intensive air motion; – high excess air; and – minimum lube consumption. 4. EMISSION CONTROL NORMS IN SI AND CI ENGINE The first Indian emission regulations were idle emission limits which became effective in 1989. These idle emission regulations were soon replaced by mass emission limits for both gasoline (1991) and diesel (1992) vehicles, which were gradually tightened during the 1990’s. Since the year 2000, India started adopting European emission and fuel regulations for four-wheeled light-duty and for heavy-duty vehicles. Indian own emission regulations still apply to two- and three-wheeled vehicles. 4. 1. Emission control norms in SI engine. Table. 4. 1: EMISSION CONTROL NORMS IN SI ENGINE Level of Emission | 2/3 Wheelers ## | 4 Wheelers | |Norms | | | | | 2-Stroke | 4-Stroke | 4-Stroke | | |* Intake, exhaust, | |* Intake, exhaust, | | |combustion optimization |* 4-Stroke engine |combustion optimization | |Euro I /India 2000 |* Catalytic converter |technology |*Carburetor optimization | | |* Secondary air injection |* Hot tube |* Fuel njection | |Euro II / |* Catalytic converter |* Seco ndary air |* Catalytic converter | |Bharat Stage II |* CNG / LPG |injection |* Fixed EGR | | |(3 wheelers only) |* CNG / LPG |* Multi-valve | | | |(3 wheelers only) |* CNG/LPG | | | | |* Fuel injection +catalytic | | |* Fuel injection |* Fuel injection |converter | | |* Catalytic converter |* Carburetor+ |* Variable EGR | |EuroIII/ Bharat Stage | |catalytic converter |* Variable valve timing | |III | | |* Multi-valve | | | | |* On-board diagnostics system | | | | |* CNG/LPG | | | | |* Direct cylinder | |Euro IV / |* To be developed |* Lean burn |injection | |Bharat Stage IV | |* Fuel injection+ |* Multi-brick | | | |catalytic converter |catalytic converter | | | | |* On-board diagnostics system | ## Euro norms are not applicable for 2 / 3 wheelers in India 4. 2. Emission control norms in CI engine | | | |Level Of Emission Norms Technology Options | | | · Retarded injection timing | | | · Open/re-entrant bowl, | |Euro I / India 2000 | · Intake, exhaust and combustion optim isation | | | · FIP~700-800 bar, low sac injectors | | | · High swirl | | | · Naturally aspirated | | | · Turbocharging | | | · Injection pressure 800 bar, moderate swirl | | | · High pressure inline / rotary pumps, injection rate control | |Euro II / | · VO nozzles | |Bharat Stage II | · Re-entrant combustion chamber | | | · Lube oil consumption control | | | · Inter-cooling (optional, depends on specific power), | | | · EGR (may be required for high speed car engines) | | | · Conversion to CNG with catalytic converter | | | · Multi valve, | | | · Low swirl – high injection pressure 120 bar | | | · Rotary pumps, pilot injection rate shaping | | | · Electronic fuel injection | |Euro III / | · Critical lube oil consumption control |Bharat Stage III | · Variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) | | | · Inter-cooling | | | · Oxycat EGR | | | · CNG/LPG | | | · High specific power output | | | · Particulate trap | | | · NOx trap | | | · On board Diagnostics system | |Euro IV / | · Common rail injection-injection pressure1600 bar | |Bharat Stage IV | · Fuel Cell | | | · CNG/LPG | On October 6, 2003, the National Auto Fuel Policy has been announced, which envisages a phased program for introducing Euro 2 – 4 emission and fuel regulations by 2010. The implementation schedule of EU emission standards in India is summarized in Table 4. 3 The above standards apply to all new 4-wheel vehicles sold and registered in the respective regions. In addition, the National Auto Fuel Policy introduces certain emission requirements for interstate buses with routes originating or terminating in Delhi or the other 10 cities. For 2-and 3-wheelers, Bharat Stage II (Euro 2) is be applicable from April 1, 2005 and Stage III (Euro 3) standards would come in force preferably from April 1, 2008, but not later than April 1, 2010. Table. 4. 3. INDIAN EMISSION STANDARDS | Indian Emission Standards (4-Wheel Vehicles) | | Standard | Reference | Date | Region | India 2000 |Euro 1 |2000 |Nationwide | |Bharat Stage II |Euro 2 |2001 |NCR*, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai | | | |2003-04 |NCR*, 10 Cities†  | | | |2004-05 |Nationwide | |Bharat Stage III |Euro 3 |2005-04 |NCR*, 10 Cities†  | | | |2004-10 |Nationwide | |Bharat Stage  IV |Euro 4 |2010-04 |NCR*, 10 Cities†  | * National Capital Region (Delhi) Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur and Agra The above standards apply to all new 4-wheel veh icles sold and registered in the respective regions. In addition, the National Auto Fuel Policy introduces certain emission requirements for interstate buses with routes originating or terminating in Delhi or the other 10 cities. For 2-and 3-wheelers, Bharat Stage II (Euro 2) will be applicable from April 1, 2005 and Stage III (Euro 3) standards would come in force preferably from April 1, 2008, but not later than April 1, 2010. Emission standards for new heavy-duty diesel engines—applicable to vehicles of GVW 3,500 kg—are listed in Table 4. 4. Emissions are tested over the ECE R49 13-mode test (through the Euro II stage). Table 4. 4 | |EMISSION STANDARDS FOR DIESEL TRUCK AND BUS ENGINES, G/KWH | |Year | Emission standards for light-duty diesel vehicles (GVW ? 3,500 kg) are summarized in Table 3. Ranges of emission limits refer to different classes (by reference mass) of light commercial vehicles; compare the EU light-duty vehicle emission standards page for details on the Euro 1 and later standards. The lowest limit in each range applies to passenger cars (GVW ? 2,500 kg; up to 6 seats). |Table 4. | |EMISSION STANDARDS FOR LIGHT-DUTY DIESEL VEHICLES, G/KM | |Year | The test cycle has been the ECE + EUDC for low power vehicles (with maximum speed limited to 90 km/h). Before 2000, emissions were measured over an Indian test cycle. Engines for use in light-duty vehicles can be also emission tested using an engine dynamometer. The respective emission standards are listed in Table 4. 3 |Table 4. 6 | |EMISSION STANDARDS FOR LIGHT-DUTY DIESEL ENGINES, G/KWH | |Year | Emission standards for gasoline vehicles (GVW ? ,500 kg) are summarized in Table 5. Ranges of emission limits refer to different classes of light commercial vehicles (compare the EU light-duty vehicle emission standards page). The lowest limit in each range applies to passenger cars (GVW ? 2,500 kg; up to 6 seats). |Table 4. 7 | |EMISSION STANDARDS FOR GASOLINE VEHICLES (GVW ? 3,500 KG), G/KM | |Year |Reference |CO |HC |HC+NOx | |1991 |- |14. 3-27. |2. 0-2. 9 |- | |1996 |- |8. 68-12. 4 |- |3. 00-4. 36 | |1998* |- |4. 34-6. 20 |- |1. 50-2. 18 | |2000 |Euro 1 |2. 72-6. 90 |- |0. 97-1. 70 | |2005†  |Euro 2 |2. 2-5. 0 |- |0. 5-0. 7 | |* for catalytic converter fitted vehicles | |†  earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 4. | Gasoline vehicles must also meet an evaporative (SHED) limit of 2 g/test (effective 2000). Emission standards for 3- and 2-wheel gasoline vehicles are listed in the following tables. |Table 4. 8 | |EMISSION STANDARDS FOR 3-WHEEL GASOLINE VEHICLES, G/KM | |Year |CO |HC |HC+NOx | |1991 |12-30 |8-12 |- | |1996 |6. 5 |- |5. 40 | |2000 |4. 00 |- |2. 00 | |Table 4. 9 | |EMISSION STANDARDS FOR 2-WHEEL GASOLINE VEHICLES, G/KM | |Year |CO |HC |HC+NOx | |1991 |12-30 |8-12 |- | |1996 |4. 0 |- |3. 60 | |2000 |2. 00 |- |2. 00 | CONCLUSION Efforts are being made to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and maximize the utilization of environment-friendly energy sources and fuels for meeting energy needs. In India, the demand for oil for the transport sector is estimated to increase over the next decade. This sector is the largest consumer of petroleum products . Government is providing policy support, fiscal incentives and regulatory measures for development of alternative energy vehicles and fuels. Battery operated vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, hydrogen powered vehicles and bio-fuel powered vehicles have been identified in this context. The development activities of such fuels and vehicles need to be further encouraged particularly in view of their potential to protect the environment. Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) use the combination of engine of a conventional vehicle with electric motor powered by traction batteries and/or fuel cell. This combination helps in achieving both the energy and environmental goals. The deployment of a large number of this type of vehicles would help us in terms of environmental benefits, reduction of oil consumption and reduction in emissions. In hybrid electric vehicles propulsion, energy is available from more than one source of energy. The three configurations of HEV are series hybrid system, parallel hybrid system and split hybrid system. Fuel cells produce electricity, employing reaction between hydrogen and oxygen gases, electrochemically. Fuel cells are efficient, environmentally benign, compact, modular and reliable for power generation. Different type of Fuel cells currently under development are the Protons Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs), Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs),Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) etc. Hydrogen is receiving worldwide attention as a clean fuel and efficient energy storage medium for automobiles. Hydrogen can replace or supplement oil used in road transportation. Bio-fuel is an efficient, environment friendly, 100 per cent natural energy alternative to petroleum fuels9-10. In view of the potential of being produced from several agricultural sources and because of its low emission characteristics, bio-fuels in recent years are receiving a great deal of attention as a substitute to petroleum fuels. Ethanol and bio-diesel are the two bio-fuels which are being looked upon as the potential fuels for surface transportation. REFERENCES 1. www. howstuffworks. com 2. www. dieselnet. in 3. www. auto101. com 4. www. wikipedia. com 5. Mathur Sharma. ; Internal Combustion Engine, Dhanpat rai publications. pp 774- 778 1. SEMINAR TOPIC FROM :: www. edufive. com/seminartopics. html How to cite Emission Control, Essay examples

Y2k1 Analysis Essay Example For Students

Y2k1 Analysis Essay A- Two-Digit year/Six-digit date coding But what is the meaning for two-digit year/Six-digit date coding? It is very simple, the two-digit year is the last numbers entered for the year. So if you want to put the year 1990 into some applications in the computer, you will enter the last two numbers 90 to the applications. Six-digit date coding is which In BIOS the date is written into six digits, two for day, two for month and two for year. By using the two digits for representing the year is the problem. It will cause in year 2000 a failure. The applications that require the user to enter the year routinely into two digits to reduce the keystrokes will fail to operate. So the computer will fail to append the correct century. For an example, If you want to enter a data which have the year 2000 and also have the year 1900. You will put 00 for year 2000 and 00 for year 1900. So the capability to differentiate between date in the twentieth century and date in the twenty-first century will fail. We will write a custom essay on Y2k1 Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now However, All programs that represent the day of week by calculating it with the year last two digits will print a wrong date. The dates in 1900s are not as in 2000s. For example, January 1, 2000, will be Saturday but January 1, 1900, was Monday. B- Programmers reasons for making the problema-Saving memory space in the computer. The computers have a small amount of memory available and the memory in bios is very expensive. b-They found that it is more easier to put two digits for the year than four digits And more easier to be print. c-Since they make it two numbers, They didnt think that year 2000 will come Because it was a long time for it. For that, A lot of programs were written in the traditional manner of using two digit years on the date. It is a shock to everyone to know thats this problem is not the first one. It is happened before. It made a major system balk at going from 1979 to 1980. By time, Logic devices or programmable logic devices (PLD) will stop working if it has date adjustment. But what are (PLD)? (PLD) are chips that are used to operate many devices, such as coffee maker, Security systems, Videos, Nuclear power, Phones, Mobiles, Transport, Communications, Nuclear industry, Banking and finance. These devices may be programmed by the Assembler programming language. But at first, you will ask why date adjustment is the problem? Because it must deals with the eight digit date and not six digit date only. So it must have eight digits to deal with year 2000. And to differentiate between year 2000 and 1900. No one now knows how many problems will be explored. Some problems are known like: b- Report an incorrect day of the week if it thinks thats year 1900 but is not year 2000. But on other hand, PLD devices are used in a large production systems like food processing, power plants and power company. Do you agree to stay in your home without electricity for some days?. Companies must find out what problems will occur and find a solution for it before it happens. Your credit card is expired. This is an example of what will be happened by the scanner that scan your credit card. The program that checks your credit card will say that today greater than the expiration date. Thus, 01/01/99 is greater than 01/01/00, which would result in your credit card being rejected. However, If you have a security system, It will checks to see if today is s valid date before recording an exit or an entry from a building. If the 00 date is determined to be out of range or the computation is at fault the system may simply shut down and lock all the doors. .u6a786878907471a9b15d93d27b4666ef , .u6a786878907471a9b15d93d27b4666ef .postImageUrl , .u6a786878907471a9b15d93d27b4666ef .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6a786878907471a9b15d93d27b4666ef , .u6a786878907471a9b15d93d27b4666ef:hover , .u6a786878907471a9b15d93d27b4666ef:visited , .u6a786878907471a9b15d93d27b4666ef:active { border:0!important; } .u6a786878907471a9b15d93d27b4666ef .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6a786878907471a9b15d93d27b4666ef { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6a786878907471a9b15d93d27b4666ef:active , .u6a786878907471a9b15d93d27b4666ef:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6a786878907471a9b15d93d27b4666ef .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6a786878907471a9b15d93d27b4666ef .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6a786878907471a9b15d93d27b4666ef .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6a786878907471a9b15d93d27b4666ef .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6a786878907471a9b15d93d27b4666ef:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6a786878907471a9b15d93d27b4666ef .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6a786878907471a9b15d93d27b4666ef .u6a786878907471a9b15d93d27b4666ef-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6a786878907471a9b15d93d27b4666ef:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Grand Canyon EssayIIIOperating systems and software ability to year 2000 If you have Mac OS or apple Macintosh computer dont worry. It does not have any error and can pass year 2000. Mac OS can covers dates from 30081 B.C. to 29940 A.D. In addition, the Arabic version of the Mac OS